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Echinocereus Engelmann 1848a:91. Type: Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelmann Echinocereus abbeae Parsons 1937:6. Type - locality: Mexico, Sonora, Delta Bacuachic River, 30m (29o49'N, 111o51'W); S. H. Parsons, 2 March 1932 (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus fasciculatus subsp. abbeae* Blum 1997 Seed List. nom. nud. Note: Listed erroneously as a synonym of Echinocereus fenderi var. albiflorus (Backeberg 1960:2047, Bravo 1991:70). Taylor (1985b:50) treats this species as a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus fendleri var. fasciculatus. Echinocereus acifer* Engelmann ex Haage 1859:19 nom. nud. [Probably = Echinocereus acifer Jacobi]. Echinocereus acifer (Otto ex Salm-Dyck) Jacobi 1856:109. basionym: Cereus acifer Otto ex Salm-Dyck 180:189. Type - locality: unknown; ? (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus longispinus* Hort. ex Schelle 1926:180 pro syn. Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. acifer (Otto ex Salm-Dyck) Bravo 1978:66. Echinocereus polyacanthus var. acifer* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. Echinocereus polyacanthus subsp. acifer (Otto ex Salm-Dyck) Taylor 1997:9. Note: Taylor (1984:159) uses the name Echinocereus polyacanthus var. densus for this species. Cereus acifer* Otto ex Forster 1846:433 nom. nud. is usually listed as a synonym of this species. Echinocereus acifer* Lemaire 1868:57 nom. nud. [Probably = Echinocereus acifer Jacobi]. Echinocereus acifer var. brevispinulus Jacobi 1856:109-110. Type - locality: Mexico. Echinocereus acifer var. brevispinus Haage 1859:19 nom. nud. [Probably = Echinocereus acifer var. brevispinulus Jacobi 1856]. Echinocereus acifer var. diversispinus Schumann 1897:287. Type - locality: Mexico, Coahuila & Durango; ? (?). Echinocereus acifer var. durangensis (Poselger ex Rumpler) Schumann 1897:287. = Echinocereus durangensis. Echinocereus acifer subsp. huitcholensis (Weber) Lange 1994:109. = Echinocereus huitcholensis. Echinocereus acifer var. longispinus* Haage 1892:116 nom. nud. Echinocereus acifer var. tenuispinus Jacobi 1856:109. Type - locality: North America. Echinocereus acifer subsp. topiensis (Rischer & Trocha) Rischer 2004:88. = Echinocereus topiensis W. Rischer & Trocha 1999. Echinocereus acifer var. trichacanthus Hort. ex Hildmann 1891:44. Type - locality: unknown; ? (?). Echinocereus acifer subsp. tubiflorus Rischer in Blum et al. 1998a:1. [see Blum et al. 1998b:409-410]. Type - locality: Mexico, Zacactecas - Durango border, San Juan Capistran; Rischer, 17 April 1990 (ZSS AX 17983). Echinocereus acifer subsp. ventanensis Rischer 2009: 63. Type - locality: Mexiko: Sinaloa, 63.4 miles west of El Salto (Durango), 6300 alt.; Kimnach 563, 25. Nov. 1964 (HNT 8399). Cereus acinaciformis* Steudel 1841:333 pro syn. = Echinocereus cinerascens. Cereus acinaciformis* Hort. Berol. ex Salm-Dyck 1845:27 pro syn. = Echinocereus cinerascens. Cereus aciniformis* Otto 1833:336 nom. nud. = Echinocereus cinerascens var. crassior. Cereus aciniformis* Hort. Berol. ex Pfeiffer 1837:101 pro syn. = Echinocereus cinerascens var. crassior. Echinocereus adustus Engelmann 1848a:104. Type - locality: Mexico, Chihuahua, Cosihuiriachi, 1900 m.; Wislizenus, 1846. (MO 2371547). Nomenclatural synonyms: Cereus adustus (Engelmann) Engelmann 1849:50. Echinocereus pectinatus var. adustus (Engelmann) Daul 1890:78. Echinocereus pectinatus fa. adustus (Engelmann) Voss 1894:378. Echinocereus pectinatus var. adustus* Schumann 1897:271. Echinocereus caespitosus var. adustus (Engelmann) Engelmann ex Borg 1937:174. Note: Echinocereus radians and Echinocereus rufispinus are usually considered taxonomic synonyms of this species. Echinocereus adustus var. bonatzii (Roemer) Taylor 1998:15. = Echinocereus bonatzii Roemer 1995:10. Cereus adustus var. radians (Engelmann) Engelmann 1849:50 = Echinocereus radians. Echinocereus adustus subsp. roemerianus W. Rischer 2003a:44. Type - locality: Mexico, Durango, Canatlan; R. C. Roemer 6066714 (UNAM). Echinocereus adustus var. schwarzii (Lau) Taylor 1985a:268. = Echinocereus schwarzii. Echinocereus adustus subsp. schwarzii (Lau) Taylor 1997:8. = Echinocereus schwarzii. Echinocereus adustus var. schwarzii fa. madrensis* Parker 1996:6. nom. nud. = Echinocereus madrensis. Echinocereus adustus var. schwarzii fa. radians* Parker 1996:6. nom. nud. = Echinocereus radians. Echinocereus adustus var. schwarzii fa. rufispinus* Parker 1996:6. nom. nud. = Echinocereus rufispinus. Echinocereus aggregatus Rydberg 1906:146. = Mammillaria aggregata* Engelmann 1848b:157. nom. prov. = Mammillaria aggregata Engelmann ex Watson 1878:398 pro syn. [Rydberg used this name instead of Echinocereus coccineus]. see Echinocereus coccineus subsp. aggregatus. Echinocereus aguirrei* Glass 1965:160 nom. nud. [a form of Echinocereus pulchellus]. Echinocereus aguirreanus* Hort. ex Blum et al. 1998b:253 pro syn. = Echinocereus pulchellus. Echinocereus albatus* Backeberg 1960:2007-2008 nom. inval. (no type designated). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus albispinus* Hort. ex Backeberg 1960:2007 pro syn. Echinocereus longisetus var. albatus* Sterk 1980:12-13 nom. inval. Note: Usually considered a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus nivosus. Echinocereus albiflorus Weingart 1933:156. Type - locality: Mexico, Chihuahua; Halbinger (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus fendleri var. albiflorus (Weingart) Backeberg 1960:2047. Echinocereus fendleri fa. albiflorus* Parker 1996: 2 nom. nud. Note: Backeberg 1960:2047 and Bravo 1991:70 erroneously list Echinocereus abbeae as a synonym of this species. Taylor (1985b) lists this species as a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus fendleri. It is probably a form of E. hempelii. Echinocereus albiflorus* Lowry 1937:20 nom. nud. [Probably a white flowering form of Echinocereus enneacanthus]. Echinocereus albispinus Lahman 1935:143. Type - locality: Oklahoma, Medicine Park; Lahman (MO). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus baileyi var. albispinus (Lahman) Backeberg 1941:4. Echinocereus longispinus var. albispinus* Backeberg 1960:2010. Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albispinus (Lahman) Benson 1969b:127. Echinocereus reichenbachii var. baileyi fa. albispinus* Mesa Garden Seed Catalog 1996 nom. nud. Note: The name Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albispinus is used for Echinocereus baileyi by Benson (1969b:127). Taylor (1985b) lists this species as a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus reichenbachii var. baileyi. Echinocereus albispinus* Hort. ex Backeberg 1960:2007 pro syn. = Echinocereus albatus. Echinocereus amoenus (Dietrich) Weber ex Haage 1892:116. basionym: Echinopsis amoena Dietrich 1844:187-188. Type - locality: Mexico, Hidalgo, near San Mateo 7500 ft.; Ehrenberg (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinopsis pulchella var. flore kermesina* Haage ex Forster 1846:364. pro syn. Echinopsis pulchella var. amoena (Dietrich) Forster 1846:364. Echinopsis pulchella var. rosea* Labouret 1853:292. pro syn. Cereus amoenus (Dietrich) Hemsley 1880:540. Echinocereus pulchellus var. amoenus (Dietrich) Forster ex Schumann 1897:253. Echinocereus pulchellus subsp. amoenus (Dietrich) Blum 1997 Seed list. nom. nud. Note: Echinocereus amoenus is usually attributed to Schumann 1894:185. Taylor (1989:75) notes that the plant usually known in cultivation as "Echinocereus amoenus" is instead a form of Echinocereus weinbergii. Echinocereus amoenus var. aguirre* Zehnter & Kunzler Catalog nom. nud. = Echinocereus aguirrei*. Echinocereus amoenus var. albiflorus* Hort. ex Blum et al. 1998b:259 pro syn. Echinocereus angusticeps Clover 1935:79. Type - locality: Texas, Hidalgo Co., Linn; Clover 15261 (MICH). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus papillosus var. angusticeps (Clover) Marshall & Bock 1941:119. Echinocereus blanckii var. angusticeps (Clover) Benson 1969b:260. Echinocereus berlandieri var. angusticeps (Clover) Benson 1976:59. Echinocereus papillosus subsp. angusticeps* Blum 1997 Seed List nom. nud. Note: Benson uses the names Echinocereus blanckii var. angusticeps and Echinocereus berlandieri var. angusticeps for Echinocereus papillosus subsp. papillosus. Echinocereus anneacanthus* Daul 1890:73. (misprint for E. enneacanthus). Echinocereus apachensis Blum & Rutow in Blum et al. 1998a:1. [see Blum et al. 1998b:101.] Type - locality: Arizona, Maricopa Co. Fish Creek; Mc Kelvey 735, 18 Feb. 1929 (US 1532949). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus bonkerae subsp. apachensis (W.Blum & Rutow) A.D. Zimmerman in Baker et al. 2009:120. Echinocereus arizonicus Rose ex Orcutt 1926:3. Type - locality: Arizona, Boundary Monument between Pinal & Gila Counties, 4700 ft.; C. R. Orcutt, July 1922 (NY). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. arizonicus (Rose ex Orcutt) Benson 1969a:21. Echinocereus coccineus var. arizonicus (Rose ex Orcutt) Ferguson 1989:221. Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. matudae (Bravo) Rutow in Lange & Rutow 1994:51. = Echinocereus matudae. Echinocereus arizonicus subsp. nigrihorridispinus Blum & Rutow in Blum et al. 1998a:3. [see Blum et al. 1998b:370-371]. Type - locality: New Mexico, Luna Co.; HK 1054 (ZSS AX 17982). Echinocereus armatus (Poselger) Poselger ex Backeberg & Knuth 1935:318. = Echinocereus pectinatus var. armatus. *Echinocereus arrojadei Lofgren [from Brazil and thus not an Echinocereus]. Echinocereus australis* Backeberg 1937:21 nom. nud. Echinocereus australis* Hort. ex Backeberg 1960:2045 pro syn. = Echinocereus fendleri. Echinocereus bakeri W.BLUM, OLDACH & J.OLDACH, Int. Cact. Advent. 106-107: 22. 2015. Type - locality: Arizona, Yavapai County, 6 km. north of Clarkdale ; Marc A. Baker 13930, 18 March 2001 (ASU 0076433) Echinocereus baileyi Rose 1909b:403. Type - locality: Oklahoma, Wichita Mountains.; V. Bailey, Aug. 1906 (US 53167). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus reichenbachii var. baileyi (Rose) Taylor 1985b:133. Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. baileyi (Rose) Taylor 1997:9. Note: The name Echinocereus reichenbachii var. albispinus is used for this species by Benson (1969b:127 ). Echinocereus baileyi var. albispinus (Lahman) Backeberg 1941:4. = Echinocereus albispinus Lahman. Echinocereus baileyi var. brunispinus Backeberg 1941:4. Type - locality: Oklahoma, Wichita Mountains; ? (?). Note: Backeberg 1960:2010 lists Echinocereus longispinus and Echinocereus oklahomensis as synonyms of this variety. Echinocereus baileyi var. caespiticus* Backeberg 1960:2011 nom. inval. (no type designated). Echinocereus baileyi var. flavidispinus Backeberg 1941:4. Type - locality: Oklahoma, Wichita Mountains; ? (?). Echinocereus baileyi var. roseispinus Backeberg 1941:4. Type - locality: Oklahoma, Wichita Mountains; ? (?) Echinocereus barcelona* Orcutt 1926:4 nom. nud. Echinocereus barcena* Rebut ex Hirscht 1896:126 nom. nud. Echinocereus barcena Fobe 1911:56. Type - locality: unknown; ? (?) [from central Mexico according to Borg 1937:178]. Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus parkeri fa. barcena* Parker 1996:3 nom. nud. Echinocereus barcena* Rebut ex Berger 1929 nom. illegit. (later homonym) [Perhaps = Echinocereus barcena Fobe]. Echinocereus barkeanus* Heyer 1989:25 nom. nud. [= Lau 1101]. = Echinocereus rayonesensis. Echinocereus barthelowanus Britton & Rose 1922:41. Type - locality: Baja California, Isla Magdalena, Santa Maria Bay; J. N. Rose, 18 March 1911 (US 16278). Echinocereus bauerii Rother 1902:61. Type - locality: ? (?). Nomenclatural synonym: Echinocereus pectinatus var. bauerii Rother 1923:127. Echinocereus bergeanus* Haage 1900:156 nom. nud. Echinocereus berlandianus* Orcutt 1926:3 [error in spelling for Echinocereus berlandieri]. Echinocereus berlandieri (Engelmann) Haage 1859:19. basionym: Cereus berlandieri Engelmann 1856:286. [see Engelmann 1859:38, t.58]. Type - locality: Texas, Nueces River; Berlandier 2423, April 1834 (MO). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus blankii* Hort. ex Palmer 1865:92 pro syn. Echinocereus blanckii var. berlandieri (Engelmann) Backeberg 1960:1999. Note: Echinocereus poselgerianus is usually considered a taxonomic synonym of this species. This species is often erroneously treated as a synonym of Echinocereus blanckii. Echinocereus berlandieri var. angusticeps (Clover) Benson 1976:59. = Echinocereus angusticeps. Echinocereus berlandieri var. blanckii* Fournier 1935:21 nom. illegit. = Echinocereus blanckii. Echinocereus berlandieri var. longispinus* Hort. ex Schelle 1926: 163 nom. nud. Echinocereus berlandieri var. papillosus (Linke ex Rumpler) Benson 1976:59. = Echinocereus papillosus. Echinocereus berlandieri var. poselgerianus (Linke) Lode 1992:17. = Echinocereus poselgerianus. *Echinocereus bertinii = Austrocactus bertinii. *Echinocereus bicolor Galeotti [error in spelling for Echinocactus bicolor]. Cereus bigelovii* Engelmann 1857: t. 4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus mojavensis. Cereus bigelovii var. zuniensis* Engelmann 1857: t. 4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus mojavensis var. zuniensis. Echinocereus blanckii (Poselger) Poselger ex Rumpler 1886:779. basionym: Cereus blanckii Poselger 1853:134. Type - locality: Mexico, Tamaulipas, near Camargo; Poselger (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus berlandieri var. blanckii* Fournier 1935:21 nom. illegit. Note: This species is usually considered a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus enneacanthus subsp. brevispinus. The name Echinocereus blanckii has been errroneously applied to Echinocereus berlandieri. Echinocereus blanckii var. angusticeps (Clover) Benson 1969b:260. = Echinocereus angusticeps. Note: This is the name Benson uses for Echinocereus papillosus subsp. papillosus. Echinocereus blanckii var. berlandieri (Engelmann) Backeberg 1960:1999. = Echinocereus berlandieri. Echinocereus blanckii var. inermis* Heyer 1989:26 pro syn. = Echinocereus moricallii. Echinocereus blanckii var. leonensis (Mathsson) Backeberg 1960:1999. = Echinocereus leonensis. Echinocereus blanckii var. papillosus (Linke ex Rumpler) Benson 1969d:126. = Echinocereus papillosus. Echinocereus blanckii var. poselgerianus (Linke) Backeberg 1960:1999. = Echinocereus poselgerianus. Echinocereus blankii* Hort. ex Palmer 1865:92 pro syn. = Echinocereus berlandieri. Echinocereus blumii D. Felix & H. Bauer in Blum, W., D. Felix & H. Bauer. 2012: 220 - 237. Type - locality: Mexiko: Coahuila: Municipio Acuna, El Conejo, 1200 m.; det. W. Blum 2006 (KR 21304). Echinocereus bolansis* Runge ex Haage 1892:117 pro syn. = Echinocereus conglomeratus. *Echinocereus boliviensis Poselger ex Schumann 1897:290.[from Bolivia which means it is not an Echinocereus]. Echinocereus bonatzii Romer 1995:98-113. Type - locality: Durango, Sierra Mezquital; H. J. Bonatz 12388 (ZSS). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus pamanesiorum subsp. bonatzii (Romer) Romer 1997:45. Echinocereus bonkerae Thornber & Bonker 1932:71-73, 85. Type - locality: Arizona, Pinal Mountains near Oracle; Thornber & Bonker (ARIZ 156240). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus fendleri var. bonkerae (Thornber & Bonker) Benson 1944:260. Echinocereus boyce-thompsonii var. bonkerae (Thornber & Bonker) Peebles 1949:191-192 . Echinocereus fasciculatus var. bonkerae (Thornber & Bonker) Benson 1969a:21. Echinocereus engelmannii var. bonkerae* Mesa Garden Seed Catalog 1996. nom. nud. Echinocereus fasciculatus subsp. bonkerae (Thornber & Bonker) Taylor 1997:8. Echinocereus bonkerae subsp. apachensis (W.Blum & Rutow) A.D. Zimmerman in Baker et al. 2009:120. = Echinocereus apachensis. Echinocereus boyce-thompsonii Orcutt 1926:4. Type - locality: Arizona, Boyce-Thompson Arboretum; Orcutt (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus fendleri var. boyce-thompsonii (Orcutt) Benson 1944:260. Echinocereus fasciculatus var. boyce-thompsonii (Orcutt) Benson 1969a:22. Echinocereus engelmannii var. boyce-thompsonii* Mesa Garden Seed Catalog 1996 nom. nud. Echinocereus fasciculatus subsp. boyce-thompsonii (Orcutt) Taylor 1997:8. Echinocereus boyce-thompsonii var. bonkerae (Thornber & Bonker) Peebles 1949:191-192. = Echinocereus bonkerae. Echinocereus brandegeei (Coulter) Coulter ex Schumann 1897:290. basionym: Cereus brandegeei Coulter 1896:389. Type - locality: Baja California, between El Campo Aleman & San Gregorio; T.S. Brandegee, 1889 (UC). Note: Echinocereus mamillatus and Echinocereus sanborgianus are usually considered taxonomic synonyms of this species. Echinocereus brandegeei fa. mamillatus* Parker 1996:1 nom. nud. = Echinocereus mamillatus. Echinocereus brandegeei var. sanborgianus* Lode 1994: no. 1272 nom. inval. = Echinocereus sanborgianus. Echinocereus brandegeei fa. sanborgianus* Parker 1996:1 nom. nud. = Echinocereus sanborgianus. Echinocereus brenbergii* Lowry 1933:410 nom. nud. Echinocereus bristolii Marshall 1938:160-161. Type - locality: Sonora, Soyopa, 5000 ft.; Bristol & Marshall, 1934 (DS 251175). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus pectinatus var. bristolii (Marshall) Marshall 1956b:81. Echinocereus bristolii subsp. floresii (Backeberg) Blum & Lange in Blum et al. 1998a:3. [see Blum et al. 1998b:353]. = Echinocereus floresii. Echinocereus bristolii var. pseudopectinatus Taylor 1985b:120. see Echinocereus pseudopectinatus. Echinocereus caespitosus (Engelmann) Engelmann 1848a:110. basionym: Cereus caespitosus Engelmann 1845:247. Type - locality: Texas, Austin Co., Near Cat Springs; Lindheimer, June 1845 (MO). Nomenclatural synonyms: Cereus caespitosus var. minor* Engelmann 1856:280 [Based on same type as Echinocereus caespitosus]. Echinocereus pectinatus var. caespitosus (Engelmann) Schumann 1897:272. Echinocereus caespitosus var. minor* Engelmann ex Weniger 1970:22 nom. inval. Echinocereus reichenbachii fa. caespitosus* Parker 1996:5 nom. nud. Echinocereus reichenbachii var. caespitosus* Mesa Garden Seed Catalog 1996 nom. nud. Echinocereus reichenbachii subsp. caespitosus (Engelmann) Blum & Lange in Blum et al.1998a:3 [see Blum et al. 1998b:324]. Note: Echinocereus caespitosus is often treated as a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus reichenbachii. Echinocereus caespitosus var. adustus (Engelmann) Engelmann ex Borg 1937:174. = Echinocereus adustus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. armatus (Poselger) Poselger ex Borg 1937:174. = Echinocereus pectinatus var. armatus. Echinocereus caespitosus fa. armatus subfa. castaneas (Engelmann) Schelle 1907:131. = Echinocereus caespitosus var. castaneus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. candicans* Hort. ex Borg 1937:174 pro syn. = Echinocereus reichenbachii. Echinocereus caespitosus var. castaneus (Engelmann) Engelmann ex Rumpler 1886:811. basionym: Cereus caespitosus var. castaneus Engelmann 1850:203. Type - locality: Texas, Granitic region of the Llano; Lindheimer, 1847 (MO). Nomenclatural synonyms: Cereus reichenbachii var. castaneus (Engelmann) Labouret 1853:319. Echinocereus pectinatus var. castaneus (Engelmann) Daul 1890:78. Echinocereus castaneus (Engelmann) Orcutt 1926:3. Echinocereus pectinatus var. jamauvei *Frič ex Orcutt 1926:4 pro syn. Echinocereus pectinatus var. adustus fa. castaneus (Engelmann) Engelmann ex Schelle 1926:174. Echinocereus caespitosus fa.. castaneus Engelmann ex Borg 1937:174. Echinocereus pectinatus fa. castaneus (Engelmann) Krainz 1967:50. Note: This variety is now usually considered a taxonomic synonym of E. caespitosus. Echinocereus caespitosus fa. castaneus Engelmann ex Borg 1937:174. Echinocereus caespitosus var. chrysacanthus (Schumann) Schumann ex Borg 1937:174. = Echinocereus pectinatus var. chrysacanthus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. lanugunosus* Walton 1898:12 nom. nud. Echinocereus caespitosus var. major (Engelmann) Engelmann ex Rumpler 1886:811. basionym: Cereus caespitosus var. major Engelmann 1856:280. Type - locality: Texas, New Braunfels; Lindheimer, 1851 (MO). Note: This variety is now usually considered a taxonomic synonym of E. caespitosus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. minor* Engelmann ex Weniger 1970:22 nom. inval. basionym: Cereus caespitosus var. minor* Engelmann 1856:280. new name for Echinocereus caespitosus var. caespitosus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. perbellus* Weniger 1970:23 nom. inval. (no basionym given). = Echinocereus perbellus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. purpureus* Weniger 1970:23 nom. inval. (no basionym given). = Echinocereus purpureus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. reichenbachii* Ters. ex Borg 1937:174 nom. illegit. = Echinocereus reichenbachii. Echinocereus caespitosus var. rubescens* Hort. ex Borg 1951:221 nom. inval. (no Latin diagnosis). Echinocereus caespitosus var. rufispinus (Schumann) Schumann ex Borg 1951:221. = Echinocereus pectinatus var. rufispinus. Echinocereus caespitosus var. tamaulipensis (Frič) Frič ex Borg 1937:174. = Echinocereus pectinatus var. tamaulipensis. *Echinocereus candicans Rumpler 1886 = Echinopsis candicans. *Echinocereus candicans var. tenuispinus = Echinopsis candicans Echinocereus candicans* Runge ex Haage 1859:19 pro syn. = Echinocereus pectinatus var. rigidissimus. Echinocereus candicans var. couranti* Walton 1898:12. nom. nud. Echinocereus candicans var. dumisnilianus* Walton 1898:12. nom. nud. Echinocereus candicans var. gladiatus* Walton 1898:12. nom. nud. Echinocereus candicans var. robustus* Walton 1898:12. nom. nud. Echinocereus canyonensis Clover & Jotter 1941:417-418. Type - locality: Arizona, Coconino Co., Bass Cable, Grande Canyon; Clover & Jotter 2317 (MICH). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus coccineus subsp. canyonensis* Blum 1997 Seed List nom. nud. Note: Taylor (1985b) lists this species as a synonym of Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. melanacanthus, which currently has the proper name Echinocereus coccineus. Echinocereus canus (Powell & Weedin) Felix & Bauer in Blum et al. 2012:258 - 276. = Echinocereus viridiflorus var. canus Powell & Weedin 2004:273. Echinocereus carmenensis Blum, Lange & Scherer in Blum et al. 1998a:3. [see Blum et al. 1998b:221]. Type - locality: Mexico, Coahuila, Sierra del Carmen; SB 1476 (ZSS A 17986). Echinocereus carnosus Rumpler 1886:796-797. Type - locality: Texas; ? (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus enneacanthus fa. carnosus (Rumpler) Schelle 1907:127. Echinocereus enneacanthus var. carnosus (Rumpler) Quehl 1908:114. Echinocereus enneacanthus var. brevispinus fa. carnosus* Parker 1996:2 nom. nud. Note: This species is usually considered a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus enneacanthus subsp. brevispinus. Echinocereus castaneus* Engelmann ex Haage 1859:19 nom. nud. Echinocereus castaneus (Engelmann) Orcutt 1926:3. = Echinocereus caespitosus var. castaneus. *Echinocereus centralis Rose = Echinomastus centralis. Echinocereus cereiformis* Auct. ? (Kakteenkunde 1935:1) nom. inval. (no Latin diagnosis). Note: Taylor (1985b) lists this name as a synonym of Echinocereus berlandieri. Echinocereus cernosus* Frič 1929:24 nom. nud. [Probably = Echinocereus pectinatus]. Echinocereus chaletii Rischer 2009a:39-57 Type - locality: Mexico, Chihuahua, Municipio Guachochic, Cumbres de Guarachi; M. Chalet 4335 (IBUG 179029). Echinocereus chihuahuensis* Shields 1961:4. nom. inval. (no Latin diagnosis). *Echinocereus chiloensis = Echinopsis chiloensis. Echinocereus chisoensis Marshall 1940:15. Type - locality: Texas, Chisos Mtns.; F. Radley, 10 Apr. 1939 (DS 263216). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus reichenbachii var. chisoensis (Marshall) Benson 1969d:127. Echinocereus chisoensis var. fobeanus (Oehme) Taylor 1985a:261 = Echinocereus fobeanus. Echinocereus chisosensis subsp. fobeanus (Oehme) Taylor 2005:10. = Echinocereus fobeanus. Echinocereus chisoensis var. metornii* Parker 1996:5 nom. nud. = Echinocereus metornii. Echinocereus chloranthus (Engelmann) Engelmann ex Haage 1859:19. basionym: Cereus chloranthus Engelmann 1856:278-279. [see Engelmann 1859:29]. Type - locality: Texas, stony hills near Frontera [El Paso]; Wright 95, 2 Apr. 1852 (MO 2016809). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus viridiflorus var. chloranthus (Engelmann) Backeberg 1960:2015. Echinocereus viridiflorus fa. chloranthus (Engelmann) Krainz 1967:51. Echinocereus viridiflorus subsp. chloranthus (Engelmann) Taylor 1997:10. Note: Usually listed as Echinocereus chloranthus Engelmann ex Rumpler 1886:814. Echinocereus chloranthus var. albispinus* Frič 1924:121 nom. nud. Echinocereus chloranthus var. cylindricus (Engelmann) Taylor 1984:169. = Echinocereus viridiflorus var. cylindricus. Echinocereus chloranthus subsp. cylindricus (Engelmann) Blum & Lange in Blum et al. 1998a:3. [see Blum et al. 1998b: 205]. = Echinocereus viridiflorus var. cylindricus. Echinocereus chloranthus var. davisii* Cullmann 1984:pl. 154. nom. inval. = Echinocereus davisii. Echinocereus chloranthus var. flaviflorus* Hort. nom. nud. Echinocereus chloranthus var. flavispininus* Ito 1952:133 nom. inval. (no Latin diagnosis). Echinocereus chloranthus var. livermorensis* Kolle 1978:34 nom. inval. = Echinocereus russanthus subsp.. weedinii. Echinocereus chloranthus var. longisetus* Hort. nom. nud. = Echinocereus russanthus subsp.. weedinii. Echinocereus chloranthus var. milleri* Hochstatter Seed List 1997 nom. nud. [See Echinocereus milleri*]. Echinocereus chloranthus var. neocapillus Weniger 1969:39-41. Type - locality: Texas, 5 to 10 miles south of Marathon; Weniger 711 (UNM). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus viridiflorus var. neocapillus (Weniger) Leuck ex Zimmerman in Powell & Weedin 2004:267. Echinocereus russanthus var. neocapillus* Mesa Garden Seed Catalog 1996 nom. nud. Echinocereus neocapillus Blum & Lange in Blum et al. 1998b:219. Echinocereus chloranthus subsp. rhyolithensis Blum & Lange in Blum et al. 1998a:4. [see Blum et al. 1998b:208.] Type - locality: New Mexico, Sierra County, Lake Valley; Pierce 110, 1961 (UNM). Echinocereus chloranthus var. roseiflorus* Ito 1981.(according to Evanich 1989:103) nom. nud. Echinocereus chloranthus var. russanthus (Weniger) Lamb ex Rowley 1974a:7 = Echinocereus russanthus. Echinocereus chloranthus var. senilis* Frič 1924:121 nom. nud. Echinocereus chloranthus var. vulpis-cauda* Chudleigh 1967:43 nom. nud. [Probably = Echinocereus russanthus]. Echinocereus chloranthus subsp. weedinii* Hochstatter Seed List 1997 nom. nud. = Echinocereus russanthus subsp. weedinii. Echinocereus chlorophthalmus (Hooker) Britton & Rose 1913:242. basionym: Echinocactus chlorophthalmus Hooker 1848:t. 4373. Type - locality: Mexico, Hidalgo, Real del Monte; ? (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus cinerascens fa. chlorophthalmus* Parker 1996:2 nom. nud. Note: This species is often considered a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus cinerascens. Echinocereus chrysocentrus (Engelmann & Bigelow) Orcutt 1926:4. = Echinocereus engelmannii var. chrysocentrus. Echinocereus cinerascens* Engelmann ex Haage 1859:19 nom. nud. [Probably = Echinocereus cinerascens]. Echinocereus cinerascens* Lemaire 1868:56 nom. nud. [Probably = Echinocereus cinerascens]. Echinocereus cinerascens (De Candolle) De Candolle ex Rumpler 1886:786. basionym: Cereus cinerascens De Candolle 1828:116. Type - locality: Mexico, Zimapan; Coulter 23 (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Cereus acinaciformis* Steudel 1841:333 pro syn. Cereus acinaciformis* Hort. Berol. ex Salm-Dyck 1845:27 pro syn. Echinocereus deppei*(Salm-Dyck) Schumann 1895:123 pro syn. Echinocereus undulatus* Hildmann ex Schumann 1895:124 pro syn. Note: Cereus deppei, Echinocereus cirrhiferus and Echinocereus glycimorphus are usually considered taxonomic synonyms of Echinocereus cinerascens. Echinocereus cinerascens var. caesius* Hort. ex Schelle 1926:169 nom. nud. Echinocereus cinerascens fa. chlorophthalmus* Parker 1996:2 nom. nud. = Echinocereus chlorophtahlmus. Echinocereus cinerascens var. crassior (De Candolle) De Candolle ex Rumpler 1886:786-787. basionym: Cereus cinerascens var. crassior De Candolle 1828:116. Type - locality: Mexico, Zimapan; Coulter (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Cereus aciniformis* Otto 1833:336 nom. nud. Cereus aciniformis* Hort. Berol. ex Pfeiffer 1837:101 pro syn. Echinocereus cinerascens var. ehrenbergii (Pfeiffer) Bravo 1974:47. = Echinocereus ehrenbergii. Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. ehrenbergii (Pfeiffer) Blum & Rutow in Blum et al. 1998a:4. [see Blum et al. 1998b:140-141]. = Echinocereus ehrenbergii. Cereus cinerascens var. fendleri (Engelmann) Bois 1928:371. = Echinocereus fendleri. Echinocereus cinerascens fa. glycimorphus* Parker 1996:2 nom. nud. = Echinocereus glycimorphus. Echinocereus cinerascens var. schmidtii* Haage 1859:19 nom. nud. Echinocereus cinerascens var. septentrionalis Taylor 1988:68-69. Type - locality: Mexico, San Luis Potosi, Entronque Huizache; Taylor 281, 10 July 1986 (MEXU). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. septentrionalis. Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. septentrionalis Taylor 1997:8. = Echinocereus cinerascens var. septentrionalis . Echinocereus cinerascens fa. spinibarbis* Parker 1996:2 nom. nud. = Echinocereus spinibarbis* Hildmann [not Salm-Dyck]. Echinocereus cinerascens var. tenuior (De Candolle) De Candolle ex Rumpler 1886:776. basionym: Cereus cinerascens var. tenuior De Candolle 1828:116. Type - locality: Mexico, Zimapan; Coulter (?). Echinocereus cinerascens var. tulensis Taylor 1988:69. = Echinocereus tulensis. Echinocereus cinerascens subsp. tulensis (Bravo) Taylor 1997:8. = Echinocereus tulensis. *Echinocereus cinnabarinus = Echinopsis cinnabarina. Echinocereus cirrhiferus* Engelmann ex Haage 1859:19 nom. nud. Echinocereus cirrhiferus (Labouret) Labouret ex Rumpler 1886:778. Basionym: Cereus cirrhiferus Labouret 1853:311. Type - locality: Mexico; ? (?). Note: Usually considered a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus cinerascens. Echinocereus cirrhiferus var. virescens* Walton 1898:12 nom. nud. *Echinocereus clavatus = Eridisia spiniflora. Echinocereus claviformis* Haage 1859:19. nom. nud. Echinocereus claviformis (Regel & Klein) Haage 1893:22. basionym: Cereus claviformis Regel & Klein 1860:46. Type - locality: Mexico, Karwinsky ( ? ). Echinocereus coccineus Engelmann 1848a:93. Type - locality: New Mexico, Wolf Creek, Wislizenus, 24 June 1846 (MO 2016699). Nomenclatural synonyms: Cereus coccineus (Engelmann) Engelmann 1849:51 nom. illegit. [not Cereus coccineus Salm- Dyck 1828]. Cereus phoeniceus* Engelmann 1856:284. new name for Echinocereus coccineus. Echinocereus phoeniceus* Engelmann ex Rumpler 1886:788 nom. illegit. Echinocereus melanacanthus* Engelmann ex Earl 1963:61 printing error. Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. coccineus (Engelmann) Engelmann ex Marshall & Bock 1941:117. Note: Benson uses the name Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. melanacanthus for this species. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. aggregatus Blum, Lange & Rutow in Blum et al. 1998a:4. [see Blum et al. 1998b:428 ]. Type - locality: Headwaters of the Gila, 6,000 ft.; Emory, 18 Oct. 1846 (?). [Neotype: New Mexico, Grant Co., San Lorenzo; Benson 16660 , July 1966 (POM 317382) [Benson 1982:937]. Nomenclatural synonyms: Mammillaria aggregata* Engelmann 1848b:157. nom. prov. Mammillaria aggregata* Engelmann ex Watson 1878:398. pro syn. Echinocereus coccineus var. arizonicus (Orcutt) Ferguson 1989:221. = Echinocereus arizonicus. Echinocereus coccineus var. arizonicus fa. matudae* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus matudae. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. canyonensis* Blum 1997 Seed List nom. nud. = Echinocereus canyonensis. Echinocereus coccineus var. conoideus* Weniger 1970:42 nom. inval. (no basionym given). = Echinocereus conoideus. Cereus coccineus var. cylindricus Engelmann 1849:51. Type - locality: New Mexico, Mtns. near Santa Fe, Fendler; 17 Sept. 1846 (MO). Note: This plant is usually considered as a synonym of Echinocereus coccineus subsp. coccineus and has never been recombined under the genus Echinocereus. Echinocereus coccineus var. gurneyi (Benson) Heil & Brack 1988:26. = Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. gurneyi. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. gurneyi* Blum 1997 Seed List nom. nud. = Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. gurneyi . Echinocereus coccineus subsp. gurneyi (L. Benson) D. Felix & H. Bauer 2014. - EcJ-Online 2 Sonderheft: XIII = Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. gurneyi . Echinocereus coccineus fa. hexaedrus* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus hexaedrus. Echinocereus coccineus var. inermis (Schumann) Purpus 1925:49. basionym: Echinocereus phoeniceus var. inermis Schumann 1896a:150. Type - locality: Colorado, Mesa Grande, Tongue Creek; C. A. Purpus (?). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. inermis (Schumann) Arp 1973:132-133. Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. mojavensis fa. inermis (Schumann) Ferguson 1989:219. Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. melanacanthus fa. inermis* Alabaster 1994:105 nom. inval. Echinocereus coccineus var. mojavensis fa. inermis* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. Echinocereus mojavensis fa. inermis* Mesa Garden Seed Catalog 1996 nom. nud. Echinocereus triglochidiatus subsp. mojavensis fa. inermis Blum in Blum et al. 1998a:9. [see Blum et al. 1998b:365]. Echinocereus coccineus var. kunzei (Gurke) Backeberg 1960:2070. = Echinocereus kunzei. Cereus coccineus var. melanacanthus Engelmann 1849:51. Type - locality: New Mexico, Santa Fe; Fendler, 26 Nov. 1846 (MO). Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus triglochidiatus var. melanacanthus (Engelmann) Benson 1944:254. Note: This is the name Benson applies to Echinocereus coccineus. Echinocereus coccineus fa. lloydii* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus lloydii. Echinocereus coccineus var. mojavensis* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus mojavensis. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. mojavensis (Engelmann & Bigelow) Taylor 1997:8. = Echinocereus mojavensis. Echinocereus coccineus var. mojavensis fa. inermis* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus coccineus var. inermis. Echinocereus coccineus var. neomexicanus* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus neomexicanus. Echinocereus coccineus var. neomexicanus fa. rosei* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus rosei. Echinocereus coccineus var. nudum* Auct ? (CSJ 35:194) nom. nud. Echinocereus coccineus var. octacanthus* Boissevain & Davidson 1940:39 nom. illegit. = Echinocereus octacantus (Muehlenpfordt) Britton & Rose 1922. [based on Echinopsis octacanthus Muehlenpfordt January, 1848]. Note: Echinocereus coccineus Engelmann 1848 was published in Wislizenus April 2, 1848. Echinocereus coccineus var. paucispinus (Engelmann) Ferguson 1989:222. = Echinocereus paucispinus. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. paucispinus Blum, Lange & Rutow in Blum et al. 1998a:4. [see Blum et al. 1998b:433]. = Echinocereus paucispinus. Echinocereus coccineus fa. roemeri* Parker 1996:4 nom. nud. = Echinocereus roemeri. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. roemeri Blum, Lange & Rutow in Blum et al. 1998a:4. [see Blum et al. 1998b:426]. = Echinocereus roemeri. Echinocereus coccineus fa. rosei* Blum 1990:13. nom. inval. (no basionym given). = Echinocereus rosei. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. rosei Blum & Rutow in Blum et al. 1998a:4. [see Blum et al. 1998b:426]. = Echinocereus rosei. Echinocereus coccineus var. rosei Zimmerman ex Powell & Weedin 2004:203. = Echinocereus rosei. Echinocereus coccineus subsp. santaritensis (W. Blum & Rutow) M.A.Baker in Felger et al.2014:38. = Echinocereus santaritensis Echinocereus coccineus subsp. transpecosensis Blum & Oldach 2015:52-64. Type - locality: Texas, Hudspeth Co., North of Sierra Blanca; Powell 6240 (SRSC) Cereus concolor Schott1857:ii . Type - locality: Texas, Pecos County, Escondido Springs; Schott (?). Note: Apparently a form of Echinocereus chloranthus that has never been formally transfered to the genus Echinocereus. Echinocereus congestispinus* Engelmann ex Haage 1859:19 nom. nud. Echinocereus congestispinus* Forster ex Seitz 1870:10 nom. nud. Echinocereus conglomeratus* Forster ex Seitz 1870:10 nom. nud. Echinocereus conglomeratus Blanc 1890:56. Type - locality: Nuevo Leon, Rinconada; Mathsson, 24 Sept. 1889 (?) [according to Schumann 1897:278]. Nomenclatural synonyms: Echinocereus bolansis* Runge ex Haage 1892:117 pro syn. Cereus conglomeratus (Blanc) Berger 1905:81. Echinocereus enneacanthus var. conglomeratus (Blanc) Benson 1974:80. Echinocereus stramineus var. conglomeratus (Blanc) Bravo1974:47. Echinocereus stramineus fa. conglomeratus* Parker 1996:3 nom. nud. Note: This is usually listed as Echinocereus conglomeratus Forster ex Schumann 1897:278. It is usually considered a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus stamineus subsp. stramineus Echinocereus conglomeratus var. robustior* Haage 1892:117 nom. nud. Echinocereus conoideus (Engelmann & Bigelow) Engelmann ex Rumpler 1886:807. basionym: Cereus conoideus Engelmann & Bigelow in Engelmann 1856:284. [see Engelmann 1857:35]. Type - locality: New Mexico, Anton Chico; J. M. Bigelow, 24 Sept. 1853 (MO). Nomenclatural synonyms: Cereus phoeniceus subsp. conoideus (Engelmann & Bigelow) Engelmann 1857:37. Echinocereus phoeniceus* var. conoideus Schumann 1896:150. Echinocereus coccineus var. conoideus* Weniger 1970:42 nom. inval. Note: This species is usually treated as a taxonomic synonym of Echinocereus coccineus. Echinocereus cowperi* Hort ex Blum et al. 1998b:208 pro syn. Echinocereus chloranthus subsp. rhyolithensis. Echinocereus crispatus* Mathsson 1890:464 nom. nud.